We express our deep concern over the recent arrest of a Facebook user in Bangladesh for allegedly sharing a satirical cartoon on social media. This incident has once again brought critical questions to the forefront regarding freedom of expression, civil liberties, and the rule of law, issues that are fundamental to any democratic society.

Photo © ISHR

According to available information, the individual has been arrested under the Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025. The allegation centres on a satirical cartoon that was created based on a political remark and later shared on social media. It is important to note that satire and political cartoons have long been recognised as legitimate forms of expression in democratic societies. Therefore, arresting an individual over such content may conflict with the fundamental right to freedom of expression.

We are particularly concerned that the legal provisions applied in this case, especially those related to “blackmail” and threats to state security, do not appear to align clearly with the nature of the alleged act. Such discrepancies in the application of the law risk enabling misuse and may create fear and uncertainty among ordinary citizens.

Bangladesh has, in recent years, witnessed significant controversy surrounding laws governing digital and online expression, including the Digital Security Act. Numerous cases were filed under such laws against journalists, writers, artists, and social media users, leading to widespread criticism both domestically and internationally. In response, efforts were made to reform these legal frameworks to better safeguard freedom of expression and prevent abuse.

However, this recent incident suggests that the expected improvements in practice have yet to be fully realized. Instead, there appears to be a re-emergence of tendencies to take legal action against individuals for political criticism or satire. This is a troubling development that may undermine the democratic environment.

We believe that in a democratic society, criticism, satire, and even humor directed at political figures are integral components of free expression. Such expressions are not only tests of tolerance but also indicators of democratic maturity. Political leaders and state institutions should demonstrate restraint and uphold a culture of tolerance in responding to such expressions.

We also urge law enforcement agencies to ensure that arrests and legal actions are based on clear evidence, relevance, and proportionality. The application of stringent legal provisions without sufficient justification may constitute a violation of civil liberties and erode public trust in the legal system.

At the same time, we acknowledge that cyber protection laws are necessary, particularly to address misinformation, hate speech, and cybercrime. However, it is essential that such laws are not used as tools to suppress legitimate expression. Ensuring transparency, accountability, and proper oversight in both the drafting and enforcement of these laws is crucial.

In light of this situation, we call upon the government to:

• First, conduct an impartial review of the arrest and the case, and ensure the immediate release of the individual if the allegations lack sufficient merit.
• Second, reassess the contentious provisions of the Cyber Protection Ordinance, 2025, to ensure alignment with international human rights standards.
• Third, establish clear guidelines for law enforcement agencies to prioritize the protection of freedom of expression and civil rights.
• Fourth, engage in meaningful dialogue with civil society, human rights organizations, and media representatives to develop a more balanced and widely acceptable legal framework.
• Finally, we reiterate that the strength of a state lies not only in its ability to enforce laws but also in its commitment to protecting the rights of its citizens. Maintaining a balance between safeguarding security and ensuring freedom of expression is a core responsibility of any democratic government.

We hope for a swift, transparent, and just resolution to this matter and urge all stakeholders to act with responsibility and restraint.

Hasan Hamid
ISHR National Associate & Country Representative in Bangladesh